protocol checksums: PCBs and templating BSD-derived stacks use "Protocol Control Blocks" to track connections / keep state connection-less UDP still has some state, kept in PCBs PCBs looked up using hashtables in OpenBSD: pf states linked to PCBs, saving lookups when a socket is opened, a template PCB is created think bound listening socket, easiest case known IP header parts are filled in and checksummed!